Two Conferences: Toni Morrison (Cornell) and Frances E.W. Harper (Penn State)
I attended two conferences this past weekend, the Toni Morrison conference at Cornell, celebrating 70 years of Morrison's graduating with her M.A. from the institution, and the Frances E.W. Harper conference at Penn State, celebrating the 200th birthday of the great Pennsylvania-based writer-activist.
1. From the Morrison conference, a highlight for me was giving a talk on Toni Morrison (based on my recent article) in the new Toni Morrison Hall on North Campus. I was an undergraduate student at Cornell 1992-1995 and it felt a little surreal to be back. Much is different (the beautiful design of Klarman Hall, grafted onto Goldwin Smith; the new Toni Morrison and Ruth Bader Ginsburg halls), but quite a number of the core buildings on campus are still the same. The A.D. White House, for instance... Collegetown Bagels...
From the conference itself, a few highlights include:
- The screening of a documentary about Morrison's month-long residency at the Louvre in Paris in 2006, "The Foreigner's Home"
- Farah Jasmine Griffin's powerful and graceful keynote address (which got a standing ovation from the audience!). Since seeing the keynote I've been reading more of Griffin's work; I'm three chapters into her 2021 book Read Until You Understand; highly recommend.
- Autumn Womack's keynote about the construction of the Toni Morrison "Sites of Memory" exhibit at Princeton (spring 2023). I saw this exhibit in person when it was up, and enjoyed the chance to learn more about how it was put together.
- Kevin Young's poetry reading Friday evening. I mostly knew Kevin Young as an editor before this conference; now I'm eager to pick up his books of poetry and explore them.
- I had a spirited exchange with a French scholar who was interested in aligning Morrison's Playing in the Dark with Derrida's later writings on race. It seemed like she wanted to align Derrida and Morrison in a way that seemed a little confused; I tried to challenge her to also note the real divergences between them. In my mind, it seems important to think about why we want to link certain authors to concepts in French theory. I do do some of this in my own work, but I try and do it very carefully and for the right reasons. Does X theory concept help us understand Toni Morrison? If not, why are we invested in using it / invoking it?
- My own paper was pretty well received. It was an extract from my recent published article on Morrison.
- Seeing a number of my former professors from the 1990s around, including some who are retired, but at least one who is not. I also enjoyed meeting legendary people I had not met when I was at Cornell as a student, such as Dr. Margaret Washington. We talked about the impact of the tradition of student protest at Cornell, including the 1968 takeover of Willard Straight Hall by the Black Student Union and the 1995 takeover of Day Hall by Latino students. I also got the chance to meet Carol Boyce Davies, who had been at Cornell for many years, but who now teaches at Howard University.
2. The Harper conference at Penn State was beautifully organized and implemented by a pretty impressive group of faculty and staff. After giving my paper at Cornell Saturday morning, I drove down to State College for this second event.
I missed some of the opening panels (since I was at Cornell). But here the highlight for me was definitely the dinner honoring Frances Smith Foster, a pioneering scholar who helped put Frances Harper on the map. I got a chance the next day to chat with Dr. Foster directly for awhile and she was wonderful -- sharp as ever, and very generous and wise.
This conference was a little challenging for me in part because it's in a period (pre-1900 American literature) that is outside my traditional areas of competence. (I got interested in Harper through my Digital Anthology project.) But the enthusiasm and commitment to Harper was very palpable and contagious. There are very few authors who inspire this type of deep moral and intellectual commitment (Toni Morrison, interestingly enough, is another such writer). If I do another Harper event, I'll certainly want to spend some time deepening my knowledge and filling in some of the gaps in what I've read.
One of the exciting new developments in Harper studies was Eric Gardner's recent discovery of a previously unknown speech by Harper, "National Salvation." I'm also very much looking forward to his upcoming book on Harper from Oxford.
It's possible that the paper I wrote for the conference might be published in a collection in the near future (we'll see). My own paper, looking at the pessimistic strain in Harper's poetry, was somewhat controversial, though I enjoyed the challenge of writing it and participating in the discussion.
Overall, this second conference was both inspiring and humbling.
New Project: Adivasi Writers: An Introduction to India's Indigenous Literature
This summer, I've been working with a graduate student collaborator, Srishti Raj, on a new digital project, called Adivasi Writers: An Introduction to India's Indigenous Literature.
Here's the project summary:
This site aims to be an educational resource for Adivasi writing, helping to share South Asia's indigenous literature with the broader world. For those who are unfamiliar, Adivasis are South Asian indigenous communities, subject to a long history of marginalization and displacement going back to the colonial era and continuing in the present. There are more than 100 million Adivasi people in India alone, located throughout the country, with particular concentrations in central India as well as in the northeast region. For generations, Adivasis were written about rather than subjects of their own story. This site aims to help change that by centering Adivasi voices directly in a decolonial framework, and making their writings accessible to a broad readership.
I got interested in this project in part through engaging with decolonial theory focused primarily on Latin America and indigenous literatures of the Americas. Shouldn't we be talking about these ideas in South Asia as well? Unfortunately, despite many years of teaching and writing about Anglophone South Asian literature, my own knowledge on the topic of indigenous communities in South Asia was limited to people writing about Adivasis, not writing by people from those communities themselves. And my hunch was that this would likely be true for most of my peers as well: not many papers on Adivasi literature are given at conferences like the South Asian Literature Association (SALA) conference, and I don't see too many in U.S.-based journals either. (Journals published in India, like the Sahitya Akademi's Indian Literature, do a little better.)
Overall, this seemed like another gap in the archive -- perhaps something that could be addressed if one were willing to do some digging!
As I first conceived of this project in 2023, my basic knowledge of those Adivasi communities was itself pretty thin. I knew about Santhals and the Ho community from reading Mahashweta Devi's work, but little about the others (and there are hundreds of officially recognized Scheduled Tribes in India, with a population of more than 100 million people!). An early experiment entailed looking for maps of Adivasi communities. I wrote about my results with that research in 2023 here.
In short, our summer research process followed three stages.
- First, we quickly learned we had to be looking beyond English-language materials. By default, this summer, we have been looking at a fair amount of materials in Hindi.
- We did discover a number of helpful resources online to help us with our research.
- We have been experimentally trying to translate some key materials we've been encountering, often using generative AI translation engines.
Mira Nair, Mahmood Mamdani, and "Mississippi Masala" (book chapter excerpt)
The parallels between Mamdani's real-life experiences and the fictional account in the film, I argue, are pretty strong, and a look at the Mamdani text helps unpack the complexity of the Indian community's presence in Uganda that are shown in highly compressed form in the film. In the second half of the excerpt below, I discuss how Nair explores the complexity of race relations in the U.S., especially with newer immigrants complicating the white/Black binary of the American race formation.
Slides for The Space Between Conference: "African American Poetry of World War I"
I'm giving a talk at The Space Between conference at KU in Lawrence, Kansas this week. The talk is built around a section of "African American Poetry: A Digital Anthology" that I've found to be of particular interest -- African American Poetry of World War I.
Slides for ALA Conference 2025: The Boston Branch of the Harlem Renaissance
I'm giving a talk at this year's American Literature Association Conference in Boston, for a panel celebrating "100 Years of the Harlem Renaissance." I'll be talking about the Saturday Evening Quill, a magazine published in -- appropriately! -- Boston, from 1928-1930.
Teaching Notes: "The God of Small Things" General Overview and Context
Briefly Introducing Arundhati Roy and The God of Small Things
Arundhati Roy is one of the most successful Indian writers in English of all time. Her first novel, The God of Small Things, was a bestseller around the English-speaking world upon its release in 1997, leading Roy to win the prestigious Booker Prize in 1998.
However, Roy took a long break from writing fiction after The God of Small Things, and became known as an activist and political essayist, who frequently wrote to criticize undemocratic policies of the Indian government as well as the American prosecution of the “War on Terror” after 9/11. She’s also well-known for her interventions on behalf of environmental justice (especially for Indian indigenous communities, known as adivasis or "tribals") as well as her advocacy for Dalits and other low-caste communities. Many of these themes are visible in one way or another in The God of Small Things; the issue of caste is obvious; there is also an important environmental justice theme if you read carefully.
Roy finally published her second novel, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, in 2017. It’s a fascinating book in many ways, with a transgender protagonist (pretty unusual in Indian fiction) and a plot involving the Indian government’s response to the Kashmiri secessionist movement. It’s closely attentive to important events in recent Indian politics. If you like The God of Small Things, you might enjoy that newer novel as well, though on the whole the newer book is a little messier and less well-structured than this one (some reviewers complained that Roy needed a stronger editor…).
With her playful use of language, Roy is often compared to writers from an earlier period in Indian writing, especially Salman Rushdie. Writers like Rushdie delight in wordplay and puns, especially puns or jokes that come from Indian languages; Rushdie also employed a “magic realist” method – certain supernatural plot events are built into his novels, alongside conventional, realist narratives involving realistic human characters. Roy doesn’t have ‘magic’ in that way, but there is nevertheless a sense in her fiction that everyday life is supersaturated with meaning and significance.
Syllabus: Digital Humanities Grad Course, Spring 2025
I taught a DH class with twelve graduate students this spring. It was my first time teaching DH since fall 2020, and a lot has changed in the field since then. My own approach has become much more hands-on, with a lot less by way of "what is DH?" theorizing. I also added new units on mapping and Storymaps/ArcGIS, a crash course introducing Python, and a couple of sessions to discuss the implications of generative AI.
It may be a bit tedious to navigate, but I opted to include the 'long-form' syllabus below the jump, with lots of links to individual projects and articles alongside descriptions of some of the hands-on exercises we did in this course.
Syllabus
English 498: Introduction to Digital Humanities
Spring 2025
Professor: Amardeep Singh (“Deep”)
Email: amsp@lehigh.edu
Brief Description:
This course introduces students to the emerging field of digital humanities scholarship with an emphasis on social justice-oriented projects and practices. The course will begin with a pair of foundational units that aim to define digital humanities as a field, and also to frame what’s at stake. How might the advent of digital humanities methods impact how we read and interpret literary texts? How is technology reshaping the role of the Humanities in our cultural conversations more broadly? We’ll also explore a series of thematic clusters, including “Race and the Digital Humanities,” “Postcolonial/Decolonial DH,” “Archives, Editions, and Collections,” and “Texts as Data.” Along the way, we’ll explore specific Digital Humanities projects that exemplify those areas, and play and learn with digital tools and do some basic coding using Python. The final weeks of the course will be devoted to collaborative, student-driven projects. No prior programming or web development experience is necessary, but a willingness to experiment and ‘break things’ is essential to the learning process envisioned in this course.
The final project may be a conventional analytical paper or a digital project – either a custom-built corpus (with brief explanatory essay), a custom-built mapping project (perhaps using ArcGIS), or a Scalar collection, or something else that you would like to produce. If you do a digital project, I would strongly recommend consulting with me early and scoping out the resources you might need to make it a reality. The work should be “equivalent” to the amount of time you might spend on a 15 page paper.
Humanities AI in 2025: Brief Reflections After a Conference
1) Critical AI
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| Slide from Greg Reihman |
3) Critically-engaged Best Practices. ("Yes, let's be critical of commercial generative AI, but insofar as scholars are going to use it in academic work, here are some best practices.")
1) “Critical AI” is a phrase (and now a journal) associated with different lines of thought highlighting the many problems with the overhyped generative AI industry, with a long list of valid complaints, focusing on a broad array of topics:
- Its domination by big tech companies jockeying for position and market position
- Its status as business marketing ploy (“AI-powered coffee machine!” → No one needs this.)
- The implicit biases contained within AI training data, and the crude fixes we’ve seen for those biases (see Meredith Broussard, Joy Buolamwini, Lauren Goodlad, etc.)
- Its potential to be used for broad social surveillance and algorithmically-assisted policy harms, often sloppily deployed (i.e., DOGE cuts)
- The problem of not knowing what exactly is in that training data (including copyrighted texts). (Bigger issue: lack of transparency of closed platforms.)
- The concern that our experience of it as a “magic black box” continues to lead people to react to it as both a miraculous thing (harbinger of “AGI”) and as catastrophic (AGI doomerism).
- The magic black box is also of course a huge problem for teachers dealing with students who abuse the technology: it’s too easy to get answers and ‘good enough’ paper drafts. Generative AI as a way to avoid cognitive labor & the real and valuable struggle of trying to write.
- Environmental costs – exorbitant water and power demands, often invisible to the average user
- Its tendency to hallucinate – to create bad and made-up data, invent sources that don’t exist, and engage in faulty reasoning. (Gen AI as a linguistic statistical modeling machine…)
- The danger of it intensifying the epidemic of social isolation, loneliness, and epistemic insularity that has already been underway since the advent of the smartphone. People are increasingly turning to generative AI for companionship and therapy. Some of those uses could be benign (maybe a few trial runs with an AI therapist could lead humans to realize they might benefit from seeking out a real, human therapist). But the companionship use-cases have a lot of depressing possible outcomes, including a growing risk of personal dependency on the machine. One hears anecdotally about young people turning to AI in lieu of human romantic partners, or marriages breaking up, etc.
My initial thought to that rhetorical question was, “if we called it that, probably none of us would be here in this room...” Which is to say, if it weren’t generally referred to as “AI” -- with all the science fiction baggage and mythos associated with that term -- probably the topic would be of interest to a narrow slice of computational linguists and natural language processing people in Computer Science. We wouldn’t have a room full of academics in fields like Religion, Philosophy, History, Asian Studies, Art & Design, and English all talking about it. Our collective investment in this topic is a result of marketing, of hype, of mainstream awareness.
This conference had a substantial representation of Asian Studies scholars; some of those scholars were using it for translation and historical research: recent gen AI models have apparently made significant advances on translating from Chinese. Others were using it to query and engage in highly specialized topical research. I won't say too much about specific research, though you can get a sense of how that was talked about from the titles and backgrounds of the presenters on the program.
My friends and collaborators Anna Preus and Melanie Walsh have been using it to classify poetry, with some interesting results. See their published article on this here.
There was also a paper on “Vibe Coding” that walked through how people, both in the industry and academia, are using gen AI to bypass traditional software development and coding. This can work on a limited scale, but it comes with a lot of problems, especially if you’re building software that might need to be updated, maintained, or used by lots of people.
3) Best Practices & A Couple of Useful Tools
Could we synthesize the critiques from group #1 with the observations made by people in group #2? If we are going to use generative AI for scholarly research, there might be a set of best practices we might want to employ.
A) Open Access. There seems to be a consensus that we should turn to open-access models instead of commercial generative AI like ChatGPT. For academic research, look for models with specialized / tailored training data (like the "Historical Perspectives Language Model", which could be used to study how language and usage have changed over time).
One big reason for this is that we don’t want to be subject to the whims and vagaries of whatever Sam Altman is Tweeting about today. We also don't want to be 'locked in' as consumers willing to pay whatever price OpenAI wants to charge ($200 a month???). This might address the big business / tech billionaire complaint to some extent. (Not entirely: Llama is an open-access model, but it is of course created by Meta with the long-term goal of helping the company make money.)
Another possible value of open models is that we can know much more about what's in those models and how they work. This might address the lack of transparency complaint.
But another good reason to do this is actually about our own costs – open access models running offline are, as I understand it, free so we could feel empowered to try queries that might otherwise use too many ‘tokens’.
B) Generative AI is constantly changing. It would probably be best if we stopped making very generalized claims along the lines of “AI simply can’t do that.”
One feature of many papers I saw is an acute awareness that the platforms are constantly evolving and changing. The weird outputs of generative AI images from DALL-E a couple of years ago are mostly gone, as my colleague Jenny Kowalski talked about in her presentation. In their place are pretty generic, very average and acceptable images.
Some platforms still have trouble doing text with images, but others now do that very well (the latest ChatGPT).
Also, generative AI platforms also couldn’t do math very well a couple of years ago. Now they are much better at it (still not perfect).
Overall, the commercial platforms are very aware that their long-term usefulness to a large swath of users – along with their commercial viability – will be greater if they can do a variety of tasks reasonably well, some of which might involve text generation, while others will involve reasoning and data analysis. So, especially since DeepSeek emerged a few months ago, they appear to have been making investments in building up those things rather than simply getting larger and larger datasets.
One task for scholars in the short term might be to try and keep track of what generative AI platforms are doing and how they’re changing. (Ideally, it would be great if the platforms themselves would document all the changes they’re making with each version in plain English. But if they’re not doing that, maybe we should be doing it.)
C) There are tools that can help us look inside training data used by models.
One is called “What’s in My Big Data?” This looks inside the pre-training data of DOLMA, an open-access AI model created by AllenAI. You can query specific pieces: is this particular novel in the training data? Instead of speculating or relying on the libgen catalog, WIMBD allows you to get under the hood of the generative AI models (and we can assume that what’s in DOLMA is probably at least somewhat similar to what might be in other models)
Unfortunately, WIMBD in its current form will be shutting down soon due to the costs of running it.
Another cool tool people were talking about is OLLAMA. OLLAMA allows you to run various gen AI models on the command line on your own machine. You can also configure them to develop answers to queries based specifically on libraries you might have on your own hard drive.
This way, your use of GenAI remains “offline” – the companies aren’t taking your data, and you can explore queries that might be closely related to your main research area.
Needless to say, if you're running one of these models locally, you don't have to pay for a subscription -- it's free.
If we approach generative AI in these ways, we might be able to avoid some of the worst pitfalls of the commercial generative AI industry. We might also hopefully stop seeing it as a magic black box and start seeing it as a research tool to facilitate certain limited tasks, not to replace human expertise, but to supplement it.
Slides for Humanities AI Conference: AI and the Future of Creative Writing
Slides on Claude McKay: Digital Collections and Diasporic Itineraries (Presentation at Lehigh)
MLA 2025: What I Saw
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| Dana A. Williams, Jericho Brown, and Jesmyn Ward |
My own MLA this year was mostly focused on Digital Humanities panels and African American literature panels -- that's mostly where my head has been for the past couple of years -- though I did attend a few other things, including an interesting Queer studies/theory panel with Judith Butler, a panel on "Palestine and Postcolonial Literature," and a panel revisiting the category of the "New Woman," with interesting papers on Pandita Ramabai and Alice Dunbar-Nelson.
I also presented myself on a panel on Friday afternoon connected to the “Responsible Datasets in Context” grant project I was on; if you’re interested in learning more about that, please visit our project website.
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In African American literature, this is a special centenary – it’s the 100th anniversary of Alain Locke’s groundbreaking anthology The New Negro: An Interpretation, which has often been cited as the starting point for the Harlem Renaissance. There were at least three panels that I saw relating to that event; I went to at least some of all three.
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As I mentioned, I also went to a thoughtful queer studies panel, responding to the 20th anniversary of Judith Butler’s Giving an Account of Oneself. As with the Critical AI panel I mentioned above, this one consisted of speakers who published essays in a special issue of Differences devoted to the topic. That special issue can be found here. Essentially, the panelists were all inspired by Butler’s work, and some of them found ways to apply her relatively abstract arguments about identity and relationality to specific questions of queer and trans identity. There was also a nice paper by Leigh Gilmore that was more focused on intellectual history – the friendship and correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy.Below is a more detailed overview of the specific panels I attended, divided into two sections, 1) African American Literature Panels and the Plenary, and 2) Digital Humanities Panels. *
Slides for MLA 2025: Responsible Datasets in Context--African American Periodical Poetry
I'm on session 385 at the MLA this year, with my collaborators on the "Responsible Datasets in Context" grant I received last year. Here are my slides.
385 Educating at the Intersection of Data Science and Humanities through Ethical and Responsible ContextsModernist Studies Association 2024: A few notes
I was recently at the Modernist Studies Association Conference in Chicago. I've been going to the conference on and off for many years (going back to the early 2000s?). Lately, I've been going there to present on materials relevant to my digital projects. If interested, slides from my presentation are here.
I'm not going to try and give a comprehensive account of what I saw and did at MSA, but below are a few highlights. Overall, the vibe was good -- despite the wild week in US politics, everyone seemed eager to talk about their research. Indeed, in a few cases (especially with some of the material related to queer and trans writers), it seemed like there was a more intense relevance in light of the growing anti-trans tendency in public discourse.
Saturday Keynote: Nella Larsen's Passing
It was fun to have the Saturday keynote be a screening of the 2021 Netflix adaptation of Passing, followed by a panel discussing it. The film was great (I hadn't seen it!), and the panel discussion following, with Rafael Walker, Pardis Dabashi, and Cyraina Johnson-Roullier, was lively and enlightening. My main takeaway from the panelists was that the film is a pretty faithful adaptation of the novel, but it's more optimistic about love and less pessimistic about the affect of racism on personal relationships than Larsen's book.
Queer and Trans Writing
Panel attended: Transing modernism/queering modernism
Jaime Harker, University of Mississippi
Chris Coffman, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Aaron Stone, University of Virginia
Mat Fournier, Ithaca College Marquis Bey, Northwestern University
Marquis Bey, Northwestern University
R28. Mediating Empire: Comparative Colonialisms, Comparative Media Studies
Chair: Jessica Berman, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Daniel Morse, University of Nevada, Reno
Stephen Pasqualina, University of Detroit-Mercy
Abhipsa Chakraborty, SUNY Buffalo
Nasia Anam, University of Nevada, Reno